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Women's Health & Pregnancy Guide
Evidence-based articles on pregnancy monitoring, gynecologic conditions, and minimally invasive surgery, written for international patients.
Translations of additional articles are added regularly. For the full Turkish archive visit the Turkish blog.
Op. Dr. Sadık Kükrer, MD · Obstetrics & Gynecology
Laparoscopic Hysterectomy: The Procedure, Risks and Recovery
When keyhole removal of the uterus is indicated: surgical techniques, ovarian preservation, operating time, risks and the week-by-week recovery timeline.
Read more →Gynaecological Laparoscopy (Keyhole Surgery): Indications and Recovery
How keyhole surgery is performed and which gynaecological conditions it treats: preparation, operating times, risks and its advantages over open surgery.
Read more →Gestational Diabetes: Screening, Diet and Treatment
When the glucose tolerance test is performed and what the thresholds mean: target glucose values, dietary management, insulin therapy and postnatal follow-up.
Read more →Vaginal Birth or Caesarean Section: How the Decision Is Made
The benefits, risks and recovery times of each route, absolute indications for surgery, vaginal birth after caesarean (VBAC) and preparing a birth plan.
Read more →Birth Control Methods: Choosing the Right Option
The pill, hormonal and copper IUDs, the implant, injections, condoms and permanent methods: effectiveness, side effects, suitability and return to fertility.
Read more →Prenatal Screening Tests: Combined Test, NIPT and the Anomaly Scan
When are the combined test, quadruple test, NIPT and anomaly scan performed? What each test detects, what a high-risk result means, and how a diagnosis is confirmed.
Read more →Infertility: Causes, Investigations and Treatment Options
No pregnancy after a year of trying? Female and male causes, first-line investigations, ovulation induction, intrauterine insemination and IVF.
Read more →Menopause and Hormone Therapy: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment Options
Hot flushes, disturbed sleep, vaginal dryness and bone loss: menopause symptoms, diagnosis, the benefits and risks of hormone replacement therapy (HRT), and non-hormonal alternatives.
Read more →Hysteroscopy: Incision-Free Diagnosis and Treatment for Intrauterine Conditions
Direct visualisation of the uterine cavity with a thin camera. Indications, diagnostic versus operative hysteroscopy, procedure, recovery and risks.
Read more →PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome): Symptoms, Diagnosis and Modern Treatment
Irregular periods, hirsutism, acne and infertility: how PCOS is diagnosed using the Rotterdam criteria, the PCOS versus PCOM distinction, insulin resistance and current treatment options.
Read more →The HPV Vaccine: Who Needs It, When and Why? An Evidence-Based Guide
What is HPV and which cancers does it cause? Gardasil 9, age ranges, dosing schedule, vaccination for men, safety profile and side effects.
Read more →Uterine Fibroids (Myoma): Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment
Heavy menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain, urinary frequency, and infertility: fibroid types, diagnostic pathway, and medical, hysteroscopic, and laparoscopic surgical options.
Read more →Endometriosis: Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment Options
Severe menstrual pain, painful intercourse, and infertility: symptoms, diagnostic pathway, and medical, hormonal, and laparoscopic surgical treatment options.
Read more →Vaginal Discharge: Normal or Infection?
Causes of vaginal discharge by colour, odour, and consistency: yeast infection, bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis — diagnosis, treatment, and hygiene tips.
Read more →Ovarian Cysts: Symptoms, Treatment, and When Surgery Is Needed
Functional cysts, endometrioma, dermoid cysts, and PCOS: types of ovarian cysts, follow-up criteria, and surgical indications with laparoscopic options.
Read more →Nutrition in Pregnancy: What to Include and What to Avoid
Calorie needs, folic acid and iron, foods to avoid, trimester-based recommendations, and a sample daily menu for a healthy pregnancy.
Read more →Bleeding in Pregnancy: Causes, and When It Is an Emergency
Implantation bleeding, threatened miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy, placenta praevia, and abruption: which bleeding is urgent and which can wait.
Read more →When and How to Take a Pregnancy Test: Urine and Blood Test Guide
The hCG hormone, home urine tests, and quantitative beta-hCG blood tests. Optimal timing, causes of false negatives and positives, and next steps after a positive result.
Read more →How to Calculate Pregnancy Weeks: A Step-by-Step Guide from LMP to Due Date
Naegele's rule, first-trimester ultrasound dating, differences in IVF pregnancies, and the trimesters. Why the estimated due date is a window, not a single day.
Read more →Early Pregnancy Symptoms: 15 Signs from the First Week
From missed periods and nausea to breast tenderness and fatigue: when early pregnancy symptoms typically appear and when to take a pregnancy test.
Read more →